Antibody and T-cell responses to coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in common variable immunodeficiency and specific antibody deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials of the mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines excluded individuals with primary antibody deficiencies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether antibody and T-cell responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and specific antibody deficiency (SAD) were comparable to those in healthy controls. METHODS: We measured antibody responses against the spike glycoprotein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 specific T-cell responses using peripheral blood mononuclear cells 2 to 8 weeks after the subjects completed the primary 2-dose vaccine series. RESULTS: The study comprised 12 patients with CVID, 7 patients with SAD, and 10 controls. Individuals with CVID had lower immunoglobulin (Ig) G and Ig A levels against spike glycoprotein than did both individuals with SAD (P = .27 and P = .01, respectively) and controls (P = .01 and P = .004, respectively). The CVID group developed lower IgG titers against the RBD epitope than did the control group (P = .01). Participants with CVID had lower neutralizing titers than did the control group (P = .002). All participants with SAD developed neutralizing titers. All 3 groups (SAD, CVID, and control) developed antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after vaccination. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with CVID may have impaired antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination but intact T-cell responses, whereas patients with SAD would be expected to have both intact antibody and T-cell responses to vaccination.

Antibody and T-cell responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Specific Antibody Deficiency

Background Clinical trials of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines excluded individuals with primary antibody deficiencies. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether antibody and T-cell responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and Specific Antibody Deficiency (SAD) were comparable to healthy controls. Methods We measured antibody responses against the S protein and the receptor binding domain (RBD) as well as SARS-CoV2 specific T-cell responses using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) 2-8 weeks after subjects completed the primary 2-dose vaccine series. Results 12 patients with CVID, 7 patients with SAD, and 10 controls were included in the study. Individuals with CVID had lower IgG and IgA levels against S protein compared to both individuals with SAD (p= 0.27 and p=0.01, respectively) and as well as to controls (p=0.012 and p=0.004, respectively). The CVID group developed lower IgG titers against the RBD epitope compared to the control group (p=0.014). CVID participants had lower neutralizing titers compared to the control group (p=0.002). All SAD participants developed neutralizing titers. All three of our groups (SAD, CVID, and control) developed antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after vaccination. Conclusion Our results suggest that patients with CVID may have impaired antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination but intact T-cell responses, while patients with SAD would be expected to have both intact antibody and T-cell responses to vaccination.

Defying convention in the time of COVID-19: Insights into the role of γδ T cells.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a complex disease which immune response can be more or less potent. In severe cases, patients might experience a cytokine storm that compromises their vital functions and impedes clearance of the infection. Gamma delta (γδ) T lymphocytes have a critical role initiating innate immunity and shaping adaptive immune responses, and they are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance, fighting infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. γδ T cells exist as both circulating T lymphocytes and as resident cells in different mucosal tissues, including the lungs and their critical role in other respiratory viral infections has been demonstrated. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, γδ T cell responses are understudied. This review summarizes the findings on the antiviral role of γδ T cells in COVID-19, providing insight into how they may contribute to the control of infection in the mild/moderate clinical outcome.

Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy.

Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.